ACE Health Coach Certification Practice Test

According to social-cognitive theory, what drives all health behaviors?

1. Self-motivation

2. Peer influence

3. Anticipation of outcomes

4. Reward systems

The correct answer is: Anticipation of outcomes

In social-cognitive theory, the anticipation of outcomes is a central concept that helps explain how individuals engage in health behaviors. This theory posits that people learn not just from experiences, but also by observing the consequences of others' actions. When individuals anticipate positive outcomes from their health behaviors, such as improved well-being or weight loss, they are more likely to engage in those behaviors. The belief that engaging in a specific health behavior will lead to beneficial outcomes shapes motivation and influences decision-making. This anticipation can stem from personal past experiences, observations of others, or cultural and societal norms about health behaviors. As a result, the idea that individuals act based on their expected results is a fundamental aspect of social-cognitive theory. Other options, while relevant in different contexts, do not capture the comprehensive framework that social-cognitive theory provides regarding the driving factors behind health behaviors. Self-motivation is important but often influenced by the anticipated outcomes. Similarly, peer influence can affect behavior but does not encompass the broader cognitive processes involved in health decision-making. Reward systems may incentivize behavior but are generally considered to be one of many factors rather than the primary driver in this theory.